Particles based electrodes and methods of making same

ABSTRACT

A coated electrode is provided for use in energy storage devices. The coated electrode comprises a dry particles that are fibrillized.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,589, filed Apr. 2, 2004, Attorney Docket Number 026471-0901 US.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of coating of structures for use in energy storage devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to capacitor structures and methods that use dry fibrillized fluoropolymers.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Double-layer capacitors, also referred to as ultracapacitors and super-capacitors, are energy storage devices that are able to store more energy per unit weight and unit volume than capacitors made with traditional technology.

Double-layer capacitors store electrostatic energy in a polarized electrode/electrolyte interface layer. Double-layer capacitors include two electrodes, which are separated from contact by a porous separator. The separator prevents an electronic (as opposed to an ionic) current from shorting the two electrodes. Both the electrodes and the porous separator are immersed in an electrolyte, which allows flow of the ionic current between the electrodes and through the separator. At the electrode/electrolyte interface, a first layer of solvent dipole and a second layer of charged species is formed (hence, the name “double-layer” capacitor).

Although, double-layer capacitors can theoretically be operated at voltages as high as 4.0 volts and possibly higher, current double-layer capacitor manufacturing technologies limit nominal operating voltages of double-layer capacitors to about 2.5 to 2.7 volts. Higher operating voltages are possible, but at such voltages undesirable destructive breakdown begins to occur, which in part may be due to interactions with impurities and residues that can be introduced during manufacture. For example, undesirable destructive breakdown of double-layer capacitors is seen to appear at voltages between about 2.7 to 3.0 volts. Double-layer capacitor can also provide high capacitance on the order of 0.1 to 5000 Farads in relatively small form factor housings.

Known capacitor electrode fabrication techniques utilize coating and extrusion processes. Both processes utilize binders such as polymers or resins to provide cohesion between the surface areas of the particles used.

In the coating process, the binder is dissolved in an appropriate solvent, typically organic, aqueous or blends of aqueous and organics, and mixed with the conductive material, such as carbon, to form a slurry. The slurry is then coated through a doctor blade or a slot die onto the current collector, and the resulting electrode is dried to remove the solvent. Among the numerous polymers and copolymers that can be used as a binder in the coating process, most of them suffer from a lack of stability when a subsequent electrolyte solvent is used to impregnate a final capacitor product. This is especially true when the solvent is an organic one and the working or storage temperature is higher than 65° C. Instability of the binder can lead to a premature failure of an electrode and, thus a capacitor.

Typical extrusion processes use the fibrillation properties of certain polymers to provide a matrix for embedded conductive material. Some of the polymers in the family of fluoropolymers, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), are particularly inert and stable in the common electrolyte solvents used in double-layer capacitors, even those using organic solvent at high working or storage temperatures. Thus, the stability of an electrode made using PTFE can be higher than those made with other binders. Polymers and similar ultra-high molecular weight substances capable of fibrillization are also commonly referred to as “fibrillizable binders” or “fibril-forming binders.” Fibril-forming binders find use with powder like materials. In one prior art process, fibrillizable binder and powder materials are mixed with solvent, lubricant, or the like, and the resulting wet mixture is subjected to high-shear forces to sufficiently fibrillize the binder particles. In the prior art, fibrillization of the binder particles produces fibrils that eventually allow formation of a matrix or lattice for supporting a resulting composition of matter. In the prior art, solvents, liquids, and processing aides are added so that subsequent shear forces applied to a resulting mixture are sufficient to fibrillize the particles. During prior art extrusion and/or coating and/or subsequent calendering stages, although fibrillization is known to occur, such processes also cause a large number of the fibrillized binder particles to re/coalesce and be formed into agglomerates. As seen in FIG. 5, such agglomeration is seen and evidenced by the large smeared and individual globular structures present in a final film product. The large number of such re/coalesced binder particles results in a reduced final film integrity and performance.

In the prior art, the resulting additive based extruded product is subsequently processed in a high-pressure compactor, dried to remove the additive, shaped into a needed form, and otherwise processed to obtain an end-product for the needed application. For purposes of handling, processing, and durability, desirable properties of the end product typically depend on the consistency and homogeneity of the composition of matter from which the product is made, with good consistency and homogeneity being important requirements. Such desirable properties depend on the degree of fibrillization of the polymer. Tensile strength commonly depends on both the degree of fibrillization of the fibrillizable binder, and the consistency of the fibril lattice formed by the binder within the material. When used as an electrode, internal resistance of an electrode film is also important.

Internal resistance may depend on bulk resistivity—volume resistivity on large scale—of the material from which an electrode film is fabricated. Bulk resistivity of the material is a function of the material's homogeneity; the better the dispersal of the conductive carbon particles or other conductive filler within the material, the lower the resistivity of the material. When electrode films are used in capacitors, such as double-layer capacitors, capacitance per unit volume is yet another important characteristic. In double layer capacitors, capacitance increases with the specific surface area of the electrode film used to make a capacitor electrode. Specific surface area is defined as the ratio of (1) the surface area of electrode film exposed to an electrolytic solution when the electrode material is immersed in the solution, and (2) the volume of the electrode film. An electrode film's specific surface area and capacitance per unit volume are believed to improve with improvement in consistency and homogeneity.

Because fluoropolymers do not dissolve in most solvents, they are not suited for use as a binder in conventional solvent based coating processes. Because extrusion processes require large manufacturing equipment investments, it is often financially prohibitive for electrode manufacturers to adopt manufacturing processes that take advantage of the benefits of using fluoropolymers as a binder. As such, it would be desirable to use fluoropolymers in the manufacture of coated electrodes.

SUMMARY

In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, fibrillizable polymers and methods of using in manufacture of energy storage devices are described. The present invention provides methods for making long lasting, durable, and inexpensive energy storage devices, for example, capacitors. Fibrillization of the polymers may provided without the use of any processing additives. Further fibrillization may be provided to in other later steps. The present invention provides distinct advantages when compared to that of the coating based methods of the prior art. A high throughput method for making more durable and more reliable coating based energy storage devices is provided.

In one embodiment, a method of making a slurry coated electrode comprises dry blending dry carbon particles and dry binder to form a dry mixture comprised of the dry carbon particles and the dry binder; liquefying the dry mixture with a solution to form a slurry; applying the slurry to a current collector; drying the slurry; and compacting the current collector and slurry. The method may further comprise a step of fibrillizing the mixture. The fibrillizing step may comprise dry fibrillizing the mixture. The fibrillizing step may comprise subjecting the mixture to high shear forces. The fibrillizing step may utilize a pressure. The pressure may comprise a pressure of more than 10 PSI. The pressure may be applied during the step of compacting. The method may further comprise the step of treating the current collector prior to applying the slurry to improve adhesion between the current collector and slurry. The step of treating the current collector may further comprise coating the current collector with a bonding agent prior to applying the slurry. The step of treating the current collector may further comprise roughening a surface of the current collector prior to applying the slurry. The dry binder may comprise a fluoropolymer. The fluoropolymer particles may comprise PTFE. The mixture may comprise conductive particles. The mixture may comprise activated carbon particles. The mixture may comprise approximately 50% to 99% activated carbon. The mixture may comprise approximately 0% to 30% conductive carbon. The mixture may comprise approximately 1% to 50% fluoropolymer particles. The mixture may comprise approximately 80% to 95% activated carbon, approximately 0% to 15% conductive carbon, and approximately 3% to 15% fluoropolymer. The solution may comprise deionized water. The current collector may comprise aluminum. The step of applying the suspension may comprise coating the current collector with the slurry using a doctor blade, a slot die, or a direct or reverse gravure process.

In one embodiment, a blend of dry particles fibrillized for use in the manufacture of a coated electrode, comprising: a mixture of dry fibrillized dry carbon and dry binder particles. The dry binder particles may comprise a polymer, wherein the dry carbon particles comprise activated and conductive carbon. The binder may comprise fluoropolymer particles. The binder may comprise PTFE. The binder may comprise particles subjected to pressure. The high pressure may be more than about 10 PSI. The pressure may be applied by a jet mill. The pressure may be applied by a roll-mill. The pressure may be applied by a hammer mill. The electrode may be an energy storage device electrode. The energy storage device may be a capacitor.

In one embodiment, an electrode comprises a dry blend of dry carbon particles and dry binder particles subjected to high shear forces. The blend may comprise approximately 50% to 99% activated carbon. The blend may comprise approximately 0% to 30% conductive carbon. The blend may comprise approximately 1% to 50% fluoropolymer. The blend may comprise approximately 80% to 95% activated carbon, approximately 0% to 15% conductive carbon, and approximately 3% to 15% fluoropolymer. The electrode may comprise a capacitor electrode. The electrode may be a double-layer capacitor electrode. The electrode may be a battery electrode. The electrode may be a fuel-cell electrode.

The electrode may further comprise a current collector, wherein the binder and carbon particles are in the form of a coated dried slurry, wherein the slurry is coupled to the current collector.

In one embodiment, a capacitor product comprises a dry fibrillized blend of dry particles subjected to high shear forces, the particles including binder and carbon particles; and one or more current collector, wherein the blend of dry particles are disposed onto the one or more current collector as a coating. Between the one or more current collector and the dry particles may be disposed a bonding layer. The one or more current collector may comprise aluminum. The one or more current collector may be shaped as a roll, wherein the roll is disposed within the housing. Within the housing may be disposed an electrolyte. The electrolyte may comprise acetonitrile.

In one embodiment, an energy storage device comprises fibrillized electrode means for providing coated electrode functionality in an energy storage device.

In one embodiment, a capacitor, the capacitor comprises a housing; a cover; a collector, the collector disposed in the housing, the collector comprising two ends, a first end coupled to the housing, a second end coupled to the cover; a dried electrode slurry, the dried electrode slurry disposed as a coating onto the collector, the dried electrode slurry comprising a dry fibrillized blend of dry carbon and dry polymer, the dry fibrillized blend comprising of essentially no processing additive; and an electrolyte, the electrolyte disposed in the housing. The capacitor may comprise a capacitance of greater than or equal to 0.1 Farad.

Other embodiments, benefits, and advantages will become apparent upon a further reading of the following Figures, Description, and Claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a is a block diagram illustrating a method for making an energy storage device electrode.

FIG. 1 b is a high-level front view of a jet mill assembly used to fibrillize binder within a dry carbon particle mixture.

FIG. 1 c is a high-level side view of a jet mill assembly shown in FIG. 1 b;

FIG. 1 d is a top view of the jet mill assembly shown in FIGS. 1 b and 1 c.

FIG. 1 e is a high-level front view of a compressor and a compressed air storage tank used to supply compressed air to a jet mill assembly.

FIG. 1 f is a high-level top view of the compressor and the compressed air storage tank shown in FIG. 1 e, in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 1 g is a high-level front view of the jet mill assembly of FIGS. 1 b-d in combination with a dust collector and a collection container.

FIG. 1 h is a high-level top view of the combination of FIGS. 1 f and 1 g.

FIGS. 1 i, 1 j, and 1 k illustrate effects of variations in feed rate, grind pressure, and feed pressure on tensile strength in length, tensile strength in width, and dry resistivity of electrode materials.

FIG. 1 m illustrates effects of variations in feed rate, grind pressure, and feed pressure.

FIG. 1 n illustrates effects of variations in feed rate, grind pressure, and feed pressure on capacitance.

FIG. 1 p illustrates effect of variation in feed pressure on internal resistance of electrodes, and on the capacitance of double layer capacitors using such electrodes.

FIG. 2 shows an apparatus for forming a coated electrode.

FIG. 3 is a representation of a rolled electrode coupled internally to a housing.

FIG. 4 shows a SEM taken of dry particles that are formed by dry fibrillization step 20.

FIG. 5 illustrates a prior art additive based film that comprises substantial amounts of agglomerates of coalesced particles.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments of the invention that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, fibrillizable polymers and methods of using in manufacture of energy storage devices are described. The present invention provides methods for making long lasting, durable, and inexpensive energy storage devices, for example, capacitors. Fibrillization of the polymers may effectuated without the use of any processing additives. The present invention provides distinct advantages when compared to that of the coating based methods of the prior art. A high throughput method for making more durable and more reliable coating based energy storage devices is provided.

In the embodiments that follow, it will be understood that reference to no-use and non-use of additive(s) in the manufacture of an energy storage device according to the present invention takes into account that electrolyte may be used during a final electrode electrolyte immersion/impregnation step. An electrode electrolyte immersion/impregnation step is typically utilized prior to providing a final finished capacitor electrode in a sealed housing. Furthermore, even though additives, such as solvents, liquids, and the like, are not used in the dry fibrillization of polymers and dry particles in embodiments disclosed herein, during fibrillization, a certain amount of impurity, for example, moisture, may be absorbed or attach itself from a surrounding environment. Those skilled in the art will understand that the dry particles used with embodiments and processes disclosed herein may also, prior to their being provided by particle manufacturers as dry particles, have themselves been pre-processed with additives, liquids, solvents, etc., and, thus, comprise one or more pre-process residue thereof. It is identified that even after one or more drying step, trace amounts of the aforementioned pre-process residues and impurities may be present in the dry fibrillization process steps described herein.

Referring now to FIG. 1 a, a block diagram illustrating a process for making an energy device using dry fibrillized binder is shown. The process shown in FIG. 1 a begins by dry blending dry carbon particles and dry binder particles together. Those skilled in the art will understand that depending on particle size, particles can be described as powders and the like, and that reference to particles is not meant to be limiting to the embodiments described herein, which should be limited only by the appended claims and their equivalents. For example, within the scope of the term “particles,” the present invention contemplates powders, spheres, platelets, flakes, fibers, nano-tubes, and other particles with other dimensions and other aspect ratios. In one embodiment, dry carbon particles as referenced herein refers to activated carbon particles 12 and/or conductive particles 14, and binder particles 16 as referenced herein refers to an inert dry binder. In one embodiment, conductive particles 14 comprise conductive carbon particles. In one embodiment, conductive particles 14, may comprise graphite. In one embodiment, it is envisioned that conductive particles 14 may comprise a metal and/or other non-carbon material. In one embodiment, dry binder 16 comprises a fibrillizable polymer, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles. Other fibrillizable binders envisioned for use herein include ultra-high molecular weight polypropylene, polyethylene, co-polymers, polymer blends and the like. It is understood that the present invention should not be limited by the disclosed or suggested binder, but rather, by the claims that follow. In one embodiment, particular mixtures of particles 12, 14, and binder 16 comprise about 50% to 99% activated carbon, about 0% to 30% conductive carbon, and/or about 1% to 50% binder by weight. In a more particular embodiment, particle mixtures include about 80% to 90% activated carbon, about 0% to 15% conductive carbon, and about 3% to 15% binder by weight. In one embodiment, the activated carbon particles 12 comprise a mean diameter of about 10 microns. In one embodiment, the conductive carbon particles 14 comprise a range of diameters of less than 20 microns. In one embodiment, the binder particles 16 comprise a mean diameter of about 450 microns. Suitable carbon powders are available from a variety of sources, including YP-17 activated carbon particles sold by Kuraray Chemical Co., LTD, Shin-hankyu Bldg. 9F Blvd. C-237, 1-12-39 Umeda, Kiata-ku, Osaka 530-8611, Japan; and BP 2000 conductive particles sold by Cabot Corp. 157 Concord Road, P.O. Box 7001, Billerica, Mass. 01821-7001, Phone: 978 663-3455.

In step 18, particles of activated carbon, conductive carbon, and binder provided during respective steps 12, 14, and 16 are dry blended together to form a dry mixture. In one embodiment, dry particles 12, 14, and 16 are blended for 1 to 10 minutes in a V-blender equipped with a high intensity mixing bar until a uniform dry mixture is formed. Those skilled in the art will identify that blending time can vary based on batch size, materials, particle size, densities, as well as other properties, and yet remain within the scope of the present invention. With reference to blending step 18, in one embodiment, particle size reduction and classification can be carried out as part of the blending step 18, or prior to the blending step 18. Size reduction and classification may improve consistency and repeatability of the resulting blended mixture and, consequently, of the quality of electrode films and electrodes fabricated therefrom.

Referring to FIG. 4, there is seen a SEM taken of dry particles that are formed by dry fibrillization step 20. After dry blending step 18, dry binder 16 within the dry particles is fibrillized in a dry fibrillizing step 20. The dry fibrillizing step 20 is effectuated using a dry solventless and liquidless high shear technique. The high shear acts to enmesh, entrap, bind, and/or support the dry particles 12 and 14. However, as can be seen from FIG. 14, even at magnifications as high as 100,000×, evidence of fibrillization in the form of fibrils is difficult, if not impossible, to discern. Although fibrils seemingly are not visible, it is conjectured that rather than the type of fibril formation that occurs in coating and extrusion based processes, during dry fibrillization step 20, dry binder in the form of macroscopic aggregates becomes pulverized by the energy imparted to the dry particles to a size that fibrils are not visible. It is believed that dry fibrillization causes a reduction of dry binder particles 20 to their basic constituent size, which is known to those skilled in the art as a dispersion particle size. In one embodiment, such dispersion size is on the order of about 0.1 to 2 um. Pulverization of dry binder 16 occurs when carbon or other dry non-binder material is added to the jet mill. The presence of particles other than binder acts as diluent that disperses the binder particles away from each other so that they cannot re/coalesce. At least in part, because dry binder particles are dispersed, they are unable to form agglomerates as occurs in the prior art.

As well, as seen in FIG. 4, at 100,000× magnification, at least some dispersion sized dry binder particles appear to have been deposited or adhered onto carbon particles. As defined herein a “weak” and/or not visible form of fibrillization has occurred such that dry binder within the dry mixture has been pulverized and/or converted, at least in part, into dispersion sized particles that are of such short length and/or small size that they may act to provide the aforementioned enmeshing, entrapping, binding, and/or supporting functionality. Thus, fibrillization on the scale of one or more dispersion sized particle is contemplated, wherein fibrillization may comprise a change in dimension of such dispersion particle(s), which is within the scope of the definition of fibrillization as used by those skilled in the art wherein an elongation of binder particle or coalesced binder particles is known to occur.

As further seen from FIG. 4, direct surface to surface contact exists between many of the dry carbon particles within the dry fibrillized mixture of dry particles. It is believed that the weak fibrillization described above causes dry binder particles that have been reduced in size to be deposited onto and between the dry carbon particles and with surface energies such that sufficient contact and adhesion between the carbon articles can be maintained to provide enmeshment, entrapment, binding, and/or support to the mix of dry particles, and such that the dry particles can be later easily formed into a film as is described further below. Such conclusions are supported by EDX sampling of the dry fibrillized powder during imaging of the dry fibrillized particles with an SEM. It has been identified by the present inventors from EDX analysis that although dry binder 16 can be detected in the original proportions that were present during step 18, the binder is in a from that is substantially changed from that originally introduced in step 20. A typical SEM image taken of dry fibrillized carbon and binder particles formed during step 20 shows only dry carbon particles. Although EDX shows that dry binder is present, it is in a form that does not appear to be imagable as fibril or in its originally introduced aggregate form, even using an SEM at 100000×. Nevertheless, the dry fibrillized mixture of dry particles at step 20 exhibits the characteristics of a homogeneous matrix that can be handled and formed into a film as describe further below.

Referring to now to FIGS. 1 b, 1 c, and 1 d, there is seen, respectively, front, side, and top views of a jet mill assembly 100 used to perform a dry fibrillization step 20. For convenience, the jet mill assembly 100 is installed on a movable auxiliary equipment table 105, and includes indicators 110 for displaying various temperatures and gas pressures that arise during operation. A gas input connector 115 receives compressed air from an external supply and routes the compressed air through internal tubing (not shown) to a feed air hose 120 and a grind air hose 125, which both lead and are connected to a jet mill 130. The jet mill 130 includes: (1) a funnel-like material receptacle device 135 that receives compressed feed air from the feed air hose 120, and the blended carbon-binder mixture of step 18 from a feeder 140; (2) an internal grinding chamber where the carbon-binder mixture material is processed; and (3) an output connection 145 for removing the processed material. In the illustrated embodiment, the jet mill 130 is a 4-inch Micronizer® model available from Sturtevant, Inc., 348 Circuit Street, Hanover, Mass. 02339; telephone number (781) 829-6501. The feeder 140 is an AccuRate® feeder with a digital dial indicator model 302M, available from Schenck AccuRate®, 746 E. Milwaukee Street, P.O. Box 208, Whitewater, Wis. 53190; telephone number (888) 742-1249. The feeder includes the following components: a 0.33 cubic ft. internal hopper; an external paddle agitation flow aid; a 1.0-inch, full pitch, open flight feed screw; a ⅛ hp, 90 VDC, 1,800 rpm, TENV electric motor drive; an internal mount controller with a variable speed, 50:1 turndown ratio; and a 110 Volt, single-phase, 60 Hz power supply with a power cord. The feeder 140 dispenses the carbon-binder mixture provided by step 18 at a preset rate. The rate is set using the digital dial, which is capable of settings between 0 and 999, linearly controlling the feeder operation. The highest setting of the feeder dial corresponds to a jet mill output of about 12 kg per hour.

The feeder 140 appears in FIGS. 1 b and 1 d, but has been omitted from FIG. 1 c, to prevent obstruction of view of other components of the jet mill 130. The compressed air used in the jet mill assembly 100 is provided by a combination 200 of a compressor 205 and a compressed air storage tank 210, illustrated in FIGS. 1 e and 1 f; FIG. 1 e is a front view and FIG. 1 f is a top view of the combination 200. The compressor 205 used in this embodiment is a GA 30-55C model available from Atlas Copco Compressors, Inc., 161 Lower Westfield Road, Holyoke, MA 01040; telephone number (413) 536-0600. The compressor 205 includes the following features and components: air supply capacity of 180 standard cubic feet per minute (“SCFM”) at 125 PSIG; a 40-hp, 3-phase, 60 HZ, 460 VAC premium efficiency motor; a WYE-delta reduced voltage starter; rubber isolation pads; a refrigerated air dryer; air filters and a condensate separator; an air cooler with an outlet 206; and an air control and monitoring panel 207. The 180-SCFM capacity of the compressor 205 is more than sufficient to supply the 4-inch Micronizer® jet mill 130, which is rated at 55 SCFM. The compressed air storage tank 210 is a 400-gallon receiver tank with a safety valve, an automatic drain valve, and a pressure gauge. The compressor 205 provides compressed air to the tank 205 through a compressed air outlet valve 206, a hose 215, and a tank inlet valve 211.

In one embodiment, it is identified that the compressed air provided under pressure by compressor 205 is preferably as dry as possible. In one embodiment, a range of dew point for the air is about −20 to −40 degrees F., and water content of less than about 20 ppm; other ranges are also within the scope of this invention. Although discussed as being effectuated by pressurized air, it is understood that other sufficiently dry gases are envisioned as being used to fibrillize binder particles utilized in embodiments of the present invention, for example, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, and the like.

In the jet mill 130, the carbon-binder mixture is inspired by venturi and transferred by the compressed feed air into a grinding chamber, where the fibrillization of the mixture takes place. The grinding chamber, which has a generally cylindrical shape, includes one or more nozzles placed circumferentially. The nozzles discharge the compressed grind air that is supplied by the grind air hose 125. The compressed air jets injected by the nozzles accelerate the carbon-binder particles and cause predominantly particle-to-particle collisions, although some particle-wall collisions also take place. The collisions dissipate the energy of the compressed air relatively quickly, fibrillizing the dry binder 16 within the mixture by causing size reduction of the aggregates and agglomerates of originally introduced dry particles and so as to adhere and embed carbon particle 12 and 14 within a resulting lattice of particles formed by the fibrillized binder. The colliding particles 12, 14, and 16 spiral towards the center of the grinding chamber and exit the chamber through the output connection 145.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 g and 1 h, there are seen front and top views, respectively, of the jet mill assembly 100, a dust collector 160, and a collection container 170. In one embodiment, the fibrillized carbon-binder particles that exit through the output connection 145 are guided by a discharge hose 175 from the jet mill 130 into a dust collector 160. In the illustrated embodiment, the dust collector 160 is model CL-7-36-11 available from Ultra Industries, Inc., 1908 DeKoven Avenue, Racine, Wis. 53403; telephone number (262) 633-5070. Within the dust collector 160 the output of the jet mill 130 is separated into (1) air and dust, and (2) a dry fibrillized carbon-binder particle mixture 20. The carbon-binder mixture is collected in the container 170, while the air is filtered by one or more filters to remove the dust, and then discharged. The filters, which may be internal or external to the dust collector 160, are periodically cleaned, and the dust is discarded. Operation of the dust collector is directed from a control panel 180.

It has been identified that a dry compounded material, which is provided by dry fibrillization step 20, retains its homogeneous particle like properties for a limited period of time. In one embodiment, because of forces, for example, gravitational forces exerted on the dry particles 12, 14, and 16, the compounded material begins to settle such that spaces and voids that exist between the dry particles 12, 14, 16 after step 20 gradually become reduced in volume. In one embodiment, after a relatively short period of time, for example 10 minutes or so, the dry particles 12, 14, 16 compact together and begin to form clumps or chunks such that the homogeneous properties of the compounded material may be diminished and/or such that downstream processes that require free flowing compounded materials are made more difficult to achieve.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, it is identified that a dry compounded material as provided by step 20 should be utilized before its homogeneous properties are no longer sufficiently present and/or that steps are taken to keep the compounded material sufficiently aerated to avoid clumping. It should be noted that the specific processing components described so far may vary as long as the intent of the embodiments described herein is achieved. For example, techniques and machinery that are envisioned for potential use to provide high shear and/or pressure forces to effectuate a dry fibrillization step 20 include jet-milling, pin milling, impact pulverization, roll milling, and hammer milling, and other techniques and apparatus. Further in example, a wide selection of dust collectors can be used in alternative embodiments, ranging from simple free-hanging socks to complicated housing designs with cartridge filters or pulse-cleaned bags. Similarly, other feeders can be easily substituted in the assembly 100, including conventional volumetric feeders, loss-weight volumetric feeders, and vibratory feeders. The size, make, and other parameters of the jet mill 130 and the compressed air supply apparatus (the compressor 205 and the compressed air storage tank 210) may also vary and yet be within the scope of the present invention.

The present inventors have performed a number of experiments to investigate the effects of three factors in the operation of jet mill assembly 100 on qualities of the dry compounded material provided by dry fibrillization step 20, and on compacted electrode films fabricated therefrom. The three factors are these: (1) feed air pressure, (2) grind air pressure, and (3) feed rate. The observed qualities included tensile strength in width (i.e., in the direction transverse to the direction of movement of a electrode film in a high-pressure calender during a compacting process); tensile strength in length (i.e., in the direction of the film movement); resistivity of the dry jet mill processed mixture provided by dry fibrillization step 20; internal resistance of compacted electrode films; and specific capacitance achieved in a double layer capacitor application. Resistance and specific capacitance values were obtained for both charge (up) and discharge (down) capacitor cycles.

The design of experiments (“DOE”) included a three-factorial, eight experiment investigation performed with electrode films dried for 3 hours under vacuum conditions at 160 degrees Celsius. Five or six samples were produced in each of the experiments, and values measured on the samples of each experiment were averaged to obtain a more reliable result. The three-factorial experiments were performed at a dew point of about −40 degrees F., water content 12 ppm and included the following points for the three factors:

1. Feed rate was set to indications of 250 and 800 units on the feeder dial used. Recall that the feeder rate has a linear dependence on the dial settings, and that a full-scale setting of 999 corresponds to a rate of production of about 12 kg per hour (and therefore a substantially similar material consumption rate). Thus, settings of 250 units corresponded to a feed rate of about 3 kg per hour, while settings of 800 units corresponded to a feed rate of about 9.6 kg per hour. In accordance with the standard vernacular used in the theory of design of experiments, in the accompanying tables and graphs the former setting is designated as a “0” point, and the latter setting is designated as a “1” point.

2. The grind air pressure was set alternatively to 85 psi and 110 psi, corresponding, respectively, to “0” and “1” points in the accompanying tables and graphs.

3. The feed air pressure (also known as inject air pressure) was set to 60 and 70 psi, corresponding, respectively, to “0” and “1” points.

Turning first to tensile strength measurements, strips of standard width were prepared from each sample, and the tensile strength measurement of each sample was normalized to a one-mil thickness. The results for tensile strength measurements in length and in width appear in Tables 2 and 3 below. TABLE 2 Tensile Strength in Length NORMALIZED TENSILE TENSILE STRENGTH FACTORS SAMPLE STRENGTH IN Exp. Feed Rate, Grind DOE THICKNESS IN LENGTH LENGTH No. psi, Feed psi POINTS (mil) (grams) (g/mil) 1 250/85/60 0/0/0 6.1 123.00 20.164 2 250/85/70 0/0/1 5.5 146.00 26.545 3 250/110/60 0/1/0 6.2 166.00 26.774 4 250/110/70 0/1/1 6.1 108.00 17.705 5 800/85/60 1/0/0 6.0 132.00 22.000 6 800/85/70 1/0/1 5.8 145.00 25.000 7 800/110/60 1/1/0 6.0 135.00 22.500 8 800/110/70 1/1/1 6.2 141.00 22.742

TABLE 3 Tensile Strength in Width Normalized Factors Tensile Tensile (Feed Rate, Sample Strength Strength Exp. Grind psi, DOE Thickness in Length in Length No. Feed psi) Points (mil) (grams) (g/mil) 1 250/85/60 0/0/0 6.1 63.00 10.328 2 250/85/70 0/0/1 5.5 66.00 12.000 3 250/110/60 0/1/0 6.2 77.00 12.419 4 250/110/70 0/1/1 6.1 59.00 9.672 5 800/85/60 1/0/0 6.0 58.00 9.667 6 800/85/70 1/0/1 5.8 70.00 12.069 7 800/110/60 1/1/0 6.0 61.00 10.167 8 800/110/70 1/1/1 6.2 63.00 10.161

Table 4 below presents resistivity measurements of a jet milled dry blend of particles provided by dry fibrillization step 20. Note that the resistivity measurements were taken before the mixture was processed into an electrode film. TABLE 4 Dry Resistance Factors Exp. (Feed Rate, Grind psi, DOE DRY RESISTANCE No. Feed psi) Points (Ohms) 1 250/85/60 0/0/0 0.267 2 250/85/70 0/0/1 0.229 3 250/110/60 0/1/0 0.221 4 250/110/70 0/1/1 0.212 5 800/85/60 1/0/0 0.233 6 800/85/70 1/0/1 0.208 7 800/110/60 1/1/0 0.241 8 800/110/70 1/1/1 0.256

Referring now to FIGS. 1 i, 1 j, and 1 k, there are illustrated the effects of the three factors on the tensile strength in length, tensile strength in width, and dry resistivity. Note that each end-point for a particular factor line (i.e., the feed rate line, grind pressure line, or inject pressure line) on a graph corresponds to a measured value of the quality parameter (i.e., tensile strength or resistivity) averaged over all experiments with the particular key factor held at either “0” or “1” as the case may be. Thus, the “0” end-point of the feed rate line (the left most point) represents the tensile strength averaged over experiments numbered 1-4, while the “1” end-point on the same line represents the tensile strength averaged over experiments numbered 4-8. As can be seen from FIGS. 1 i and 1 j, increasing the inject pressure has a moderate to large positive effect on the tensile strength of an electrode film. At the same time, increasing the inject pressure has the largest effect on the dry resistance of the powder mixture, swamping the effects of the feed rate and grind pressure. The dry resistance decreases with increasing the inject pressure. Thus, all three qualities benefit from increasing the inject pressure.

In Table 5 below we present data for final capacitances measured in double-layer capacitors utilizing electrode films made from dry fibrillized particles as described herein by each of the 8 experiments, averaged over the sample size of each experiment. Note that C_(up) refers to the capacitances measured when charging double-layer capacitors, while C_(down) values were measured when discharging the capacitors. As in the case of tensile strength data, the capacitances were normalized to the thickness of the electrode film. In this case, however, the thicknesses have changed, because the film has undergone compression in a high-pressure nip during a process of bonding the film to a current collector. It is noted in obtaining the particular results of Table 5, the electrode film was bonded to a current collector by an intermediate layer of coated adhesive. Normalization was carried out to the standard thickness of 0.150 millimeters. TABLE 5 C_(up) and C_(down) Factors (Feed Rate, Sample NORMALIZED Exp. Grind psi, DOE Thickness C_(up) Normalized C_(down) C_(down) No. Feed psi) Points (mm) (Farads) C_(up) (Farads) (Farads) (Farads) 1 250/85/60 0/0/0 0.149 1.09 1.097 1.08 1.087 2 250/85/70 0/0/1 0.133 0.98 1.105 0.97 1.094 3 250/110/60 0/1/0 0.153 1.12 1.098 1.11 1.088 4 250/110/70 0/1/1 0.147 1.08 1.102 1.07 1.092 5 800/85/60 1/0/0 0.148 1.07 1.084 1.06 1.074 6 800/85/70 1/0/1 0.135 1.00 1.111 0.99 1.100 7 800/110/60 1/1/0 0.150 1.08 1.080 1.07 1.070 8 800/110/70 1/1/1 0.153 1.14 1.118 1.14 1.118

In Table 6 we present data for resistances measured in each of the 8 experiments, averaged over the sample size of each experiment. Similarly to the previous table, R_(up) designates resistance values measured when charging double-layer capacitors, while R_(down) refers to resistance values measured when discharging the capacitors. TABLE 6 R_(up) and R_(down) Factors Sample (Feed Rate, Thick- Electrode Electrode Exp. Grind psi, DOE ness Resistance Resistance No. Feed psi) Points (mm) R_(up) (Ohms) R_(down) (Ohms) 1 250/85/60 0/0/0 0.149 1.73 1.16 2 250/85/70 0/0/1 0.133 1.67 1.04 3 250/110/60 0/1/0 0.153 1.63 1.07 4 250/110/70 0/1/1 0.147 1.64 1.07 5 800/85/60 1/0/0 0.148 1.68 1.11 6 800/85/70 1/0/1 0.135 1.60 1.03 7 800/110/60 1/1/0 0.150 1.80 1.25 8 800/110/70 1/1/1 0.153 1.54 1.05

To help visualize the above data and identify the data trends, we present FIGS. 1 m and 1 n, which graphically illustrate the relative importance of the three factors on the resulting R_(down) and normalized C_(up). Note that in FIG. 1 m the Feed Rate and the Grind Pressure lines are substantially coincident. Once again, increasing the inject pressure benefits both electrode resistance R_(down) (lowering it), and the normalized capacitance C_(up) (increasing it). Moreover, the effect of the inject pressure is greater than the effects of the other two factors. In fact, the effect of the inject pressure on the normalized capacitance overwhelms the effects of the feed rate and the grind pressure factors, at least for the factor ranges investigated.

Additional data has been obtained relating C_(up) and R_(down) to further increases in the inject pressure. Here, the feed rate and the grind pressure were kept constant at 250 units and 110 psi, respectively, while the inject pressure during production was set to 70 psi, 85 psi, and 100 psi. Bar graphs in FIG. 1 p illustrate these data. As can be seen from these graphs, the normalized capacitance C_(up) was little changed with increasing inject pressure beyond a certain point, while electrode resistance displayed a drop of several percentage points when the inject pressure was increased from 85 psi to 100 psi. The inventors herein believe that increasing the inject pressure beyond 100 psi would further improve electrode performance, particularly by decreasing internal electrode resistance. In other embodiments, with other types of particles and particle composition it has been identified that 10 psi may be used during a dry fibrillization step.

Although dry blending 18 and dry fibrillization step 20 have been discussed herein with reference to specific apparatus, it is envisioned that steps 18 and 20 could be conducted in one step wherein an apparatus receives dry particles 12, 14, and/or 16 as separate streams to mix the particles and thereafter fibrillize the particles. Accordingly, it is understood that the embodiments herein should not be limited by steps 18 and 20, but by the claims that follow. Furthermore, the preceding paragraphs describe in considerable detail inventive methods for dry fibrillizing dry carbon and dry binder mixtures, however, neither the specific embodiments of the invention as a whole, nor those of its individual features should limit the general principles described herein, which should be limited only by the claims that follow.

It is identified that to achieve a sufficient level of fibrillization, sufficiently high forces may be applied to a dry particle mixture. As described above, such or similar forces may be applied during a dry fibrillization step 20, however, as described below, they can also be applied during one or more other electrode formation step.

Numerous benefits may derive from non-use of prior art additives including: reduction of process steps and processing apparatus, increase in throughput, the elimination or substantial reduction of residue and impurities that can derive from the use of additives and additive-based process steps, a substantial reduction or elimination in undesired reactions that can occur with such residues and impurities, as well as other benefits that are discussed or that can be understood by those skilled in the art from the disclosure provided herein.

The present invention permits that the dry compounded material achieved at step 20 can be used in a coating slurry based process as described below. In blending step 22 of FIG. 1 a, an aqueous solution may be added to the compounded dry fibrillized material that was created during dry fibrillization step 20. In one embodiment, the aqueous solution is used to make a slurry, which can be used for application of the particles 12, 14, and 16 during an electrode coating process. In one embodiment, the compounded material provided by dry fibrillization step 20 is added to 2 to 6 times its weight of deionized water.

In some cases, after adding an aqueous solution in step 22, clumps or chunks of compounded material may remain in the resulting suspension. In step 24, if needed, the compounded material can be further mixed to homogenize the compounded material so as to form a smooth slurry. However, because as was described previously, substantially no or no agglomerates of coalesced particles are preferably provided during step 20, such further mixing is typically able to be avoided. Alternative aqueous solutions (such as a mixture of water and organic solvents) and means and methods of homogenizing the compounded particles can also be used to form the slurry described herein. In step 26, the slurry formed in steps 22 and/or 24 may be applied to a current collector. In one embodiment, the slurry is applied to the current collector using a doctor blade. Other alternative means and methods for applying the slurry, such as through a slot die, or a direct or reverse gravure process, can also be used in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment, the slurry can be applied to the current collector with a thickness of between 50 μm and 600 μm. A lesser or greater coating thickness is also possible in other embodiments, which should be limited only by the claims and their equivalents. In one embodiment, the current collector comprises an etched or roughened aluminum sheet, foil, mesh, screen, porous substrate, or the like. In one embodiment, the collector comprises unetched foil. In one embodiment, the current collector comprises a metal, for example, copper, aluminum, silver, gold, and the like. In one embodiment, the current collector comprises a thickness of about 10-50 microns. A lesser or greater collector thickness is also possible in other embodiments, which should be limited only by the claims and their equivalents. Those skilled in the art will recognize that if the electrochemical potential allows, other metals could also be used as a collector.

In one embodiment, prior to applying the slurry to a current collector, an added step 28 of treating the collector to improve adhesion between the current collector and the applied slurry can also be performed. For example, the current collector can be coated with a bonding agent, layer, or adhesive to improve the adhesion of the slurry to the collector. Carboxymethyl cellulose, melamine, phenolics, or furans can be used as a bonding agent between the collector and slurry. In one embodiment, adhesive coating sold under the trade name Electrodag^(R) EB-012 by Acheson Colloids Company, 1600 Washington Ave., Port Huron, Mich. 48060, Telephone 1-810-984-5581 is used. Alternatively, other adhesives or bonding agents can be used and/or other methods and means for improving the adhesion between the current collector and slurry can be used, such as treating or physically roughening the surface of the current collector prior to application of the slurry.

After the slurry is applied to the collector, it can be dried during a drying step 30 to form an electrode comprising the current collector and coated slurry of dry fibrillized carbon 12, 14 and binder 16 particles. During the drying step 30, the aqueous solution is evaporated from within the slurry, which results in the formation of a conductive electrode film on the current collector. In one embodiment, the slurry is dried in an oven at 85° C. for 1 hour. Alternatively, other methods, times, and temperatures for drying the slurry can be used.

In step 32, the electrodes can be compacted to densify the conductive electrode film and further fibrillate the compounded material. In one embodiment, the film can be compacted using a calender device. A compacting and/or calendering function can be achieved by a roll-mill, calender, a belt press, a flat plate press, and the like, as well as others known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the calender device may comprises a roll-mill. A high-pressure nip at the entry to the roll-mill can be set to gradually decrease the film thickness by 15% to 60% in 2 to 10 passes.

Weak fibrillization has been described above in the context of step 20 (FIG. 1 a). However, it has been identified that further dry fibrillization may also occur during one or more of a compact/bonding/bonding step 32. After compaction/calendering, visible formation of fibrils may occur. Such fibrillization may be effectuated by the high pressure and shear forces that are known to exist and be applied to the binder particles between calender rolls during the formation of dry films and/or electrodes. It is understood that the amount of shear and/or energy applied to at least some of the dry particles is higher than during dry fibrillization step 20, and that such shear forces are of sufficient magnitude to stretch and/or unwind the binder present in the slurry to a point that fibrils become formed and are visible under an SEM. Applying high pressure and shear forces can further reduce the separation distance between particles to, thus, increase attractive forces resulting from surface free energies. A “strong” type of fibrillization, thus can be made to occur in an amount that results in the visible formation of fibrils. Slurry coated films made in the manner described can be made with less agglomeration of binder that occurs in the prior art extrusion and coating processes. It is believed that the substantial or total absence of agglomerates in a final film product may be effectuated by a certain minimal threshold of energy and/or force imparted to the constituent dry particles during the previously described dry fibrillization step. In this manner, both weak and strong fibrillization of one or more of the particles described herein contribute to the novel and new properties of the electrodes and films described herein.

Referring now to FIG. 2, and preceding Figures as needed, there is seen one possible apparatus for making a coating based electrode according to the present invention. In one embodiment seen in FIG. 2, a slurry or suspension made from dry fibrillized dry carbon and dry binder particles 12, 14, and 16 can be held in a suspension feeder 34, and a current collector 36 in the form a roll of aluminum foil, coated if needed with an adhesive/bonding agent, can be held on a feeding roll 38. The collector 36 may be wrapped around a roller 39, positioned beneath a coating head 40 and adjacent to the suspension feeder 34. As the collector 36 moves across the roller 39, a suspension of slurry is fed from the coating head 40 onto a surface of the collector 36. From there, the collector 36 is carried through an oven 42, which is configured for removing any of the solution(s) used. The dried slurry forms a conductive electrode film on the collector 36. Next, the collector may be fed through a series of rollers 44 configured to compact and calender the dried slurry and current collector so that densification and further fibrillization occurs. After calendering, a finished electrode 46 is gathered on a storage roll 48 where it may be stored until it is assembled into a finished energy storage device.

Referring now to FIG. 3, and preceding Figures as needed, during manufacture, one or more finished electrode 1200 coated with one or more slurry made accordance with embodiments disclosed herein is rolled into a configuration known to those in the electrode forming arts as a jellyroll. Not shown is a separator or other porous electrically insulating layer or film, disposed within the jellyroll, which acts to separate layers of the rolled electrode 1200. The rolled electrode 1200 is inserted into an open end of a housing 2000. An insulator (not shown) is placed along a top periphery of the housing 2000 at the open end, and a cover 2002 is placed on the insulator. During manufacture, the housing 2000, insulator, and cover 2002 may be mechanically curled together to form a tight fit around the periphery of the now sealed end of the housing, which after the curling process is electrically insulated from the cover by the insulator. When disposed in the housing 2000, the electrode may be configured such that respective exposed collector extensions 1202 of the electrode make internal contact with the bottom end of the housing 2000 and the cover 2002. In one embodiment, external surfaces of the housing 2000 or cover 2002 may include or be coupled to standardized connections/connectors/terminals to facilitate electrical connection to the rolled electrode 1200 within the housing 2000. Contact between respective collector extensions 1202 and the internal surfaces of the housing 2000 and the cover 2002 may be enhanced by welding, soldering, brazing, conductive adhesive, or the like. In one embodiment, a welding process may be applied to the housing and cover by an externally applied laser welding process. In one embodiment, the housing 2000, cover 2002, and collector extensions 1202 comprise substantially the same metal, for example, aluminum. An electrolyte can be added through a filling/sealing port (not shown) to the sealed housing 1200. In one embodiment, the electrolyte is 1.4 M tetrametylammonium or tetrafluroborate in acetonitrile solvent. After impregnation and sealing, a finished product is thus made ready for commercial sale and subsequent use.

Although the particular systems and methods herein shown and described in detail are fully capable of attaining the above described objects of the invention, it is understood that the description and drawings presented herein represent some, but not all, embodiments that are broadly contemplated. Structures and methods that are disclosed may thus comprise configurations, variations, and dimensions other than those disclosed. For example, capacitors as a broad class of energy storage devices are within the scope of the present invention, as are, with appropriate technology based modifications, batteries and fuel cells. Also, different housings may comprise coin-cell type, clamshell type, prismatic, cylindrical type geometries, as well as others as are known to those skilled in the art. For a particular type of housing, it is understood that appropriate changes to electrode geometry may be required, but that such changes would be within the scope of those skilled in the art.

Thus, the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments that may become obvious to those skilled in the art and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly limited by nothing other than the appended claims and their equivalents. 

1. A method of making a slurry coated electrode, the method comprising: dry blending dry carbon particles and dry binder to form a dry mixture comprised of the dry carbon particles and the dry binder; liquefying the dry mixture with a solution to form a slurry; applying the slurry to a current collector; drying the slurry; and compacting the current collector and slurry.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of fibrillizing the mixture.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the fibrillizing step comprises dry fibrillizing the mixture.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the fibrillizing step comprises subjecting the mixture to high shear forces.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the fibrillizing step utilizes a pressure.
 6. The product of claim 5, wherein the pressure comprises a pressure of more than 60 PSI.
 7. The product of claim 5, wherein the pressure is applied during the step of compacting. wherein the pressure comprises a pressure of more than 60 PSI.
 8. The product of claim 7, wherein the pressure comprises a pressure of more than 60 PSI.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of treating the current collector prior to applying the slurry to improve adhesion between the current collector and slurry.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the step of treating the current collector further comprises coating the current collector with a bonding agent prior to applying the slurry.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the step of treating the current collector further comprises roughening a surface of the current collector prior to applying the slurry.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the dry binder comprises a fluoropolymer.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the fluoropolymer particles comprise PTFE.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises conductive particles.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises activated carbon particles.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises approximately 50% to 99% activated carbon.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the mixture comprises approximately 0% to 30% conductive carbon.
 18. The method of claim 12, wherein the mixture comprises approximately 1% to 50% fluoropolymer particles.
 19. The method of claim 12, wherein the mixture comprises approximately 50% to 99% activated carbon, approximately 0% to 30% conductive carbon, and approximately 1% to 50% fluoropolymer.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution comprises deionized water.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the current collector comprises aluminum.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying the suspension comprises coating the current collector with the slurry using a doctor blade, a slot die, or a direct or reverse gravure process.
 23. A blend of dry particles fibrillized for use in the manufacture of a coated electrode, comprising: a mixture of dry fibrillized dry carbon and dry binder particles.
 24. The particles of claim 23, wherein the dry binder particles comprise a polymer, and wherein the dry carbon particles comprise activated and conductive carbon.
 25. The particles of claim 24, wherein the binder comprises fluoropolymer particles.
 26. The particles of claim 25, wherein the binder comprises PTFE.
 27. The particles of claim 24, wherein the binder comprises particles subjected to pressure.
 28. The particles of claim 27, wherein the pressure is applied by a gas with a pressure of at least 10 PSI.
 29. The particles of claim 27, wherein the pressure is applied by a jet mill.
 30. The particles of claim 27, wherein the pressure is applied by a roll-mill.
 31. The particles of claim 27, wherein the pressure is applied by a hammer mill.
 32. The particles of claim 25, wherein the electrode is an energy storage device electrode.
 33. The particles of claim 32, wherein the energy storage device is a capacitor.
 34. An electrode, comprising; a dry blend of dry carbon particles and dry binder particles subjected to high shear forces.
 35. The electrode of claim 34, wherein the blend comprises approximately 50% to 99% activated carbon.
 36. The electrode of claim 34, wherein the blend comprises approximately 0% to 30% conductive carbon.
 37. The electrode of claim 34, wherein the blend comprises approximately 1% to 50% fluoropolymer.
 38. The electrode of claim 34, wherein the blend comprises approximately 50% to 99% carbon, approximately 0% to 30% conductive carbon, and approximately 1% to 50% fluoropolymer.
 39. The electrode of claim 34, wherein the electrode is a capacitor electrode.
 40. The electrode of claim 39, wherein the electrode is a double-layer capacitor electrode.
 41. The electrode of claim 34, wherein the electrode is a battery electrode.
 42. The electrode of claim 34, wherein the electrode is a fuel-cell electrode.
 43. The electrode of claim 34, further comprising a current collector, wherein the binder and carbon particles are in the form of a coated dried slurry, wherein the slurry is coupled to the current collector.
 44. A capacitor product, comprising; a dry fibrillized blend of dry particles subjected to high shear forces, the particles including binder and carbon particles; and one or more current collector, wherein the blend of dry particles are disposed onto the one or more current collector as a coating.
 45. The product of claim 44, wherein between the one or more current collector and the dry particles is disposed a bonding layer.
 46. The product of claim 44, wherein the one or more current collector comprises aluminum.
 47. The product of claim 465, further comprising a housing, wherein the one or more current collector is shaped as a roll, wherein the roll is disposed within the housing.
 48. The product of claim 47, wherein within the housing is disposed an electrolyte.
 49. The product of claim 48, wherein the electrolyte comprises acetonitrile.
 50. The product of claim 44, wherein the operating voltage of the capacitor is limited by the electro chemical potential window of the capacitor.
 51. An energy storage device, comprising: fibrillized electrode means for providing coated electrode functionality in an energy storage device.
 52. A capacitor, the capacitor comprising: a housing; a cover; a collector, the collector disposed in the housing, the collector comprising two ends, a first end coupled to the housing, a second end coupled to the cover; a dried electrode slurry, the dried electrode slurry disposed as a coating onto the collector, the dried electrode slurry comprising a dry fibrillized blend of dry carbon and dry polymer, the dry fibrillized blend comprising of essentially no processing additive; and an electrolyte, the electrolyte disposed in the housing.
 53. The capacitor of claim 52, wherein the capacitor comprises a capacitance of greater than or equal to 0.1 Farad. 